A Compliance Guide To Electrical Safety

Pages : 313

Price : Rs 800/-

Binding: Paperback

Edition: 2024.

Author : Chetan Kathalay -A distinguished Scientist and Director (Retd.) ETDC, Govt. of India, STQC Directorate, Pune.

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This book deals with safety requirements of the low voltage directive which is an integral part of CE marking of electrical and electronic equipment. It discusses the CE marking process in general and the low voltage directive in particular. It is an outcome of a long-standing demand for book that addresses the problems that manufacturers encounter during their first safety assessment. It provides a step-by-step approach for equipment safety design and assessment for electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical products and machines. It describes the principles of safety and requirements as found in the international IEC and European harmonized standards. Its goal is to give equipment designers and manufacturers a better understanding of safety considerations and safety philosophy and to enable them to  design a product compliant to the requirements of European and international safety standards.

CONTENTS 

PREFACE.. 13

CHAPTER 1 : CE MARKING.. 17

1.1. INTRODUCTION. 17

1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 18

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE EU. 19

1.4. CE MARKING AND OTHER MARKS. 20

1.5. WHO GIVES CE MARKING?. 21

1.6. ENTITIES IN THE EU LAW MAKING PROCESS. 23

1.7. TYPE OF LAWS. 25

1.8. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF CE MARKING. 25

1.9. THE APPROACH TO CONFORMITY. 26

1.10. EU DIRECTIVES. 27

1.11. HARMONISED EUROPEAN (‘EN’) STANDARD. 31

1.12. THE CE MARKING PROCEDURE. 35

1.13. MODULE A : SELF-DECLARATION. 36

1.14. CONTENTS OF DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY. 39

1.15. TECHNICAL FILE/DOCUMENTATION. 39

1.16. AFFIXING THE CE MARKING. 40

1.17 PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OUTSIDE EU. 41

1.18. MARKET SURVEILLANCE. 43

1.19 RAPID INFORMATION EXCHANGE (RAPEX). 44

CHAPTER 2 : THE LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVE.. 47

2.1 INTRODUCTION. 47

2.2. CONTENTS OF THE LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVE. 49

2.3. ARTICLE 1 : SCOPE. 49

2.4. ARTICLE 2 : DEFINITIONS. 49

2.5. ARTICLE 3 : MAKING AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET. 50

2.6. ARTICLE 4 : FREE MOVEMENT. 51

2.7. ARTICLE 5 : SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY. 51

2.8. ARTICLE 6 : OBLIGATION OF MANUFACTURERS. 51

2.9. ARTICLE 7 : AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVES. 52

2.10. ARTICLE 8 : IMPORTERS. 52

2.11. ARTICLE 9 : DISTRIBUTORS. 53

2.12. ARTICLE 10 : OBLIGATIONS OF DISTRIBUTORS AND IMPORTERS. 53

2.13. ARTICLE 11 : IDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMIC OPERATORS. 53

2.14. ARTICLE 12,13 AND 14 : PRESUMPTION OF CONFORMITY. 54

2.15. ARTICLE 15 : DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY (D.O.C). 54

2.16. ARTICLE 17 : AFFIXING CE MARKING. 54

2.17. ARTICLE 18, 19 AND 22 : MARKET SURVEILLANCE. 54

2.18. ARTICLE 20 : SAFEGUARD PROCEDURE. 56

2.19 ARTICLE 20 : SAFEGUARD PROCEDURE. 57

2.20. ARTICLE 21 : WHEN COMPLIANT EQUIPMENT PRESENTS A RISK. 57

2.21 ARTICLE 22 : FORMAL NON-COMPLIANCE. 57

2.22. ARTICLE 23 : COMMITTEE PROCEDURE. 58

2.23. ARTICLE 24 : PENALTIES. 58

2.24. ARTICLE 23,25,26,27 AND 28 : TRANSPOSITION. 58

2.25. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION. 59

CHAPTER 3 : THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY.. 63

3.1. INTRODUCTION. 63

3.2. THE SINGLE FAULT CONCEPT. 65

3.3. PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY. 67

CHAPTER 4 : ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD. 69

4.1 INTRODUCTION. 69

4.2 SEVERITY OF SHOCK HAZARD. 69

4.3 TYPES OF CIRCUITS. 72

4.4 EXAMPLES OF CIRCUIT TYPES. 74

4.5 SEGREGATION OF CIRCUITS. 76

4.6 RESTRICTING ACCESS. 78

4.7 SEGRAGATION BY ISOLATION. 81

4.8. PROTECTION BY EARTHING. 124

4.9 COMPONENTS AS SAFEGUARDS. 132

4.10 WARNINGS. 135

CHAPTER 5 : ENERGY HAZARDS. 139

5.1 INTRODUCTION. 139

5.2 PROTECTION AGAINST ENERGY SOURCES. 141

5.3 COMPLIANCE IN GENERAL. 142

5.4 LIMITED POWER CIRCUITS. 142

5.5 POWER SOURCE CLASSIFICATION. 145

CHAPTER 6 : FIRE HAZARDS. 147

6.1 INTRODUCTION. 147

6.2 SIMULATING SINGLE FAULT CONDITIONS. 148

6.3 ELIMINATING / REDUCING SOURCES OF IGNITION. 148

6.4 CONTAINMENT OF FIRE. 149

6.5 BURNING TEST. 150

6.6 FLAMABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS. 157

CHAPTER 7 : MECHANICAL & OTHER HAZARDS. 161

7.1 INTRODUCTION. 161

7.2 MECHANICAL HAZARDS. 161

7.3. OTHER HAZARDS. 166

CHAPTER 8 : COMPONENT APPROVAL.. 171

8.1 INTRODUCTION. 171

8.2 APPROVED VS CE MARKED COMPONENTS. 173

8.3 COMPONENT SELECTION. 177

8.4 CRITICAL COMPONENTS PART LIST. 180

CHAPTER 9 : EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION.. 185

9.1 INTRODUCTION. 185

9.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO OPERATING VOLTAGE. 185

9.3 MOBILITY CLASSIFICATION. 188

CHAPTER 10 : RATING AND MARKING LABELS. 191

10.1 INTRODUCTION. 191

10.2 RATING LABEL. 192

10.3 MARKINGS. 194

10.4 MARKING REQUIREMENTS AND PLACEMENT. 196

CHAPTER 11 : WIRING AND POWER DISCONNECT.. 199

11.1 WIRING. 199

11.2 POWER DISCONNECT. 204

CHAPTER 12 : CIRCUIT AND THERMAL PROTECTION.. 207

12.1 INTRODUCTION. 207

12.2 CIRCUIT PROTECTION. 207

12.1 THERMAL PROTECTION. 207

CHAPTER 13 : WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS. 211

13.1 INTRODUCTION. 211

13.2 COMMON WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS. 212

13.2 DOCUMENTATION/MANUAL. 216

CHAPTER 14 : SAFETY TESTING.. 219

14.1 INTRODUCTION. 219

14.2 POWER CONSUMPTION. 220

14.3 INPUT TEST. 220

14.4 VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST. 220

14.5 INSULATION RESISTANCE. 226

14.6 LEAKAGE CURRENT. 226

14.7 GROUND CONTINUITY AND GROUND BOND TEST. 227

14.8 CAPACITOR DISCHARGE. 229

14.9 IMPULSE TESTS. 232

14.10 TEMPERATURE RISE (HEATING). 233

14.11 BALL PRESSURE TEST. 234

14.12 MECHANICAL TESTS. 235

14.13 ABNORMAL OPERATION & FAULT CONDITIONS. 238

14.14 PRODUCTION TESTS. 241

CHAPTER 15 : SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINERY.. 245

15.1 INTRODUCTION. 245

15.2 PROTECTIVE MEASURES. 246

15.3 MAINS DISCONNECT SWITCHES. 247

15.4 EMERGENCY STOP SWITCHES. 247

15.5 FAULT-TOLERANT COMPONENTS AND SAFETY CIRCUITS. 248

15.6 TRANSFORMERS. 249

15.7 MOTORS. 250

15.8. WIRING. 251

15.9 PROTECTIVE EARTH. 252

15.10 ACCESS AREAS. 252

15.11 ENCLOSURES. 253

15.12 FUNCTIONAL MARKINGS. 255

15.13 ITEM DESIGNATIONS. 256

15.14 PUSH-BUTTON AND ACTUATORS. 258

15.15 INDICATOR LIGHTS. 260

15.16 MANUALS. 262

15.17 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION. 263

CHAPTER 16 : RISK ASSESSMENT.. 265

16.1 INTRODUCTION. 265

16.2 SOME DEFINITIONS. 267

16.3 RISK ASSESSMENT. 267

16.4 INTENDED USE AND REASONABLY FORSEEABLE MISUSE. 269

16.5 IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE HAZARDS. 271

16.6 RISK ESTIMATION. 272

16.6 RISK EVALUATION. 273

16.7 RISK REDUCTION. 276

ANNEXURE ‘A’ 285

Safety Checklist 285

 Index …………………………………………………………………………….……. 311