CE Marking -Of Electrical and Electronic Products

Pages : 470

Price : Rs 1000/-

Binding: Paperback

Edition: 2nd Ed.

This book gives a step-by-step procedure for CE marking of electrical and electronic equipment including risk assessment. The book covers, in detail,  five important directives viz. low voltage directive (LVD), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) directive, medical devices directive (MDD), radio equipment directive (RED) and the RoHS directive. It provides insights into product design and test methodologies especially EMC and product SAFETY so that the product meets the technical requirements of the applicable standards. It also seeks to clarify the many doubts and misconceptions about CE marking.

The book begins with a chapter that introduces the reader to the nuances of the CE marking process, the conformity assessment modules and to compile supporting documents that illustrate the process. This is followed by the chapter on product safety which describes the principles of safety as found in the international IEC and European harmonized safety standards. It provides ways and means to improve product design so as to ensure reasonable compliance when a product is subject to safety evaluation by a test laboratory.

Then, there are two chapters dedicated to EMC. One explains the EMC fundamentals, standards and the test methodology while the other deals with EMC design. The design chapter contains ways and means to incorporate EMC measures like line filters, shielding, grounding and cable routing at the design stage so that the product can comply with the EMC tests with a minimum of iterations.  The design means discussed are very practical in nature and are given in such a way that the design engineer can immediately incorporate them without worrying too much about theory.

All the directives now-a-days require a detailed risk assessment to be carried out in addition to testing as per standards. Thereafter the risk assessment needs to be documented so as to demonstrate how the risks have been reduced/eliminated. The book deals with the risk assessment in detail for all the directives under consideration.

And last but not the least, the CE marking procedure is not complete unless the entire process is documented through the so-called technical file or technical documentation. The last chapter explains the compilation of technical documentation as required by the directives and the European surveillance authorities.

CONTENTS 

Preface 17

CHAPTER 1: CE MARKING

1.1 Introduction. 23

1.2 Background Of The European Union. 24

1.3 Objectives Of The EU.. 25

1.4 CE Marking And Other Marks. 26

1.5 Who Gives CE Marking?. 27

1.6 Entities In The EU Law Making Process. 28

1.7 Type Of Laws. 30

1.8 Essential Requirements. 30

1.9 The New Approach To Conformity. 31

1.10 EU Directives. 32

1.11 Harmonised European Standard. 36

1.12 The CE Marking Procedure. 42

1.13 Selection Of Directives And Standards. 46

1.14 Contents Of Declaration Of Conformity. 50

1.15 Technical File/Documentation. 51

1.16 Affixing The CE Marking. 52

1.17 Products Imported From Outside EU. 53

1.18 Market Surveillance. 57

1.19 Rapid Information Exchange (Rapex). 58

1.20 Control Of Products By Customs. 59

CHAPTER 2 : THE LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVE

2.1 Introduction. 63

2.2 Contents Of The Low Voltage Directive. 65

2.3 Article 1 : Scope. 65

2.4 Article 2 : Definitions. 65

2.5 Article 3 : Making Available In The Market And Safety Objectives. 66

2.6 Article 4 : Free Movement 66

2.7 Article 5 : Supply Of Electricity. 67

2.8 Article 6 : Obligation Of Manufacturers. 67

2.9 Article 7 : Authorised Representatives. 67

2.10 Article 8 : Importers. 67

2.11 Article 9 : Distributors. 67

2.12 Article 10 : Obligations Of Manufacturers Apply To Distributors And Importers. 67

2.13 Article 11 : Economic Operators. 68

2.14 Article 12, 13 And 14 : Presumption Of Conformity. 68

2.15 Article 15: Declaration Of Conformity. 71

2.16 Article 16,17: Affixing The CE Marking. 71

2.17 Article 18, 19 And 22: Market Surveillance And Non-Compliance. 71

2.18 Article 20: Safeguard Procedure. 71

2.19  Article 20: Safeguard Procedure (For Commission) 72

2.20 Article 21: When Compliant Equipment Presents A Risk. 72

2.21 Article 22: Formal Non-Compliance. 73

2.22 Article 23: Committee Procedure. 73

2.23 Article 24: Penalties. 74

2.24 Article 23,25,26,27, 28: Transposition. 74

2.25 Technical Documentation. 74

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN FOR SAFETY

3.1 Introduction. 77

3.2 The Single Fault Concept. 79

3.3 Principles Of Safety. 80

3.4 Electric Shock Hazard. 81

3.5 Severity Of Shock Hazard. 81

3.6 Types Of Circuits. 83

3.7 Examples Of Circuit Types. 85

3.8 Segregation Of Circuits. 88

3.9 Restricting Access. 88

3.10 Segregation By Isolation. 91

3.11 Protection By Earthing. 129

3.12  Components As Safeguards. 137

3.13 Warnings. 139

3.14 Energy Hazards. 140

3.15 Protection Against Energy Sources. 141

3.16 Compliance In General 142

3.17 Limited Power Circuits. 143

3.18 Power Source Classification. 145

3.19 Fire Hazards. 145

3.20 Simulating Single Fault Conditions. 146

3.21 Eliminating/Reducing Ignition Sources. 146

3.22 Containment Of Fire. 147

3.23 Burning Tests. 148

3.24 Flamability Requirements Of Materials. 154

3.25 Mechanical & Other Hazards. 155

3.26 Mechanical Hazards. 156

3.27 Other Hazards. 160

3.28 Component Approval 163

3.29  Equipment Classification. 173

3.30 Rating And Marking Labels. 177

3.31 Wiring. 182

3.33 Circuit Protection. 188

3.34 Thermal Protection. 189

3.35 Warnings And Instructions. 189

3.36 Safety Testing. 195

3.37  Safety Requirements For Machinery. 215

3.38 Risk Assessment 232

CHAPTER 4: THE EMC DIRECTIVE

4.1 Introduction. 247

4.2 Article 1: Subject Matter. 248

4.3 Article 2: Scope. 248

4.4 Article 3: Definitions. 250

4.5 Equipment Classification. 250

4.6 Article 4: Making Available In The Market 252

4.7 Article 5 : Free Movement 252

4.8 Article 6: Essential Requirements. 253

4.9 Articles 7, 8, 9, 10. 254

4.10 Articles 11, 12. 254

4.11 Article 13: Presumption Of Conformity. 254

4.12 Article 14: Conformity Assessment Procedures. 254

4.13 Article 19: Fixed Installations. 258

4.14 Other Articles. 260

CHAPTER 5: EMC FUNDAMENTALS, STANDARDS AND TESTING

5.1 Introduction To EMI. 261

5.2 The Problem Of EMC.. 262

5.3 Need For EMC.. 262

5.4 Realisation Of EMC  263

5.5 EMC Tests And Measurement 264

5.6 Elements Of EMI. 266

5.7 EMC Standards. 270

5.8 Contents Of EMC Standards. 271

5.9 European EMC Standards. 273

5.12 Overview Of EN Basic Standards. 275

5.13 Generic Standards. 277

5.14 EN 550 Series Of Standards. 278

5.15 EMC Testing. 284

5.19 Conducted Emission. 286

5.20 CE Test Setup. 286

5.21 Conducted Emission Limits. 290

5.22 Radiated Emission (RE) Measurement 293

5.23 Measurement Instrumentation. 294

5.24 Frequency Range Of Measurement 296

5.25 Limits. 296

5.26 Measurement Site. 297

5.27 Measurement Procedure. 298

5.28 Conducted Immunity Testing. 300

5.29  General Test Setup. 301

5.30 Electrical Fast Transients / Burst (EFT/B) 301

5.31 Surge Testing. 304

5.32 Types Of Surges. 305

5.33 Conducting A Surge Test 309

5.34 Selection Of Severity Levels For EFT/B And Surge Tests. 310

5.35 Conducted Susceptibility–CW... 311

5.36 Electrostatic Discharge Test 317

5.37 Radiated Susceptibility (RS) Test 322

5.38 General Test Set-Up For RS Test 322

5.39 Severity Levels And Frequency Ranges. 323

5.40 Test Procedure. 324

5.41 Magnetic Field Immunity Test 325

5.42 Other EMC Tests. 326

5.43 Evaluation Of Test Results. 327

5.44 Tests Prescribed By Product Standards – Some Examples. 328

5.45 Test Report 329

CHAPTER 6: EMC DESIGN METHODOLOGIES

6.1 Introduction. 333

6.2 Filtering. 334

6.3 Other Filter Components. 338

6.4 Multistage Power Line Filters. 338

6.5 Filter Installation. 340

6.6 Shielding. 342

6.7 Shielding And Equipment Enclosures. 343

6.8 Ensuring Shielding Effectiveness Over Openings –A Summary. 347

6.9 Grounding. 347

6.10 Types Of Grounding. 348

6.11 Reducing Ground Impedance Coupling. 349

6.12 Cable Selection And Routing. 351

6.13 Cable Classes. 351

6.14  Type Of Cables For A Particular Class. 353

6.15 Cable Segregation. 353

6.16 Cable Routing In Electronics Control Panel 354

CHAPTER 7: OTHER DIRECTIVES

7.1 Introduction. 361

7.2 Medical Devices Directive 362

7.3  The RoHS Directive (2015/683/EU) 376

7.4  The Radio Equipment Directive (RED) (2014/53/EU) 387

CHAPTER 8: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION/FILE

8.1 Introduction. 393

8.2 Declaration Of Conformity. 394

8.3  Profile Of Manufacturer And Importer 394

8.4  Equipment Description. 394

8.5 Equipment Design. 398

8.6 Photographs. 398

8.7  Bill Of Material 399

8.8  Products Variants. 399

8.9 Specifications Of Packaging And Labelling. 400

8.10 Rationale For Conformity. 400

8.11   EMC Assessment And Conformity. 400

8.12  Risk Assessment And Conformity To LVD.. 404

8.13 Specific Requirements For Medical Devices Directive. 410

8.14 Specific Requirements For RED.. 428

8.15  Specific Requirements For RoHS. 429

8.16 Description Of Quality System. 443

8.17 Test Reports And Certificates. 445

ANNEXURE I Harmonised stds under MDD…….……………...…..…………………447

ANNEXURE II Harmonised stds under RED ……….……….………………………..453

ANNEXURE III Harmonised stds under EMCD……..…. ………………………...…..457

ANNEXURE IV Harmonised stds under LVD……………………………………..…...461

ANNEXURE V UKCA Marking…………….…………………………………..….... 462

INDEX………………………………………………………………………………..…470